Audit studies are one of the most persuasive ways to show real-world discrimination.
Alfred Marshall argued that students of social science are bound to dwell on the "limitations and defects and errors" of whatever is popular and whatever will sell more newspapers.
The bad news is that US productivity growth has been slow for the last 15 years, and in facts for 30 of the last 40 years.
The pervasiveness of US religious belief has seemed to decline in the last 30 years or so, by a variety of measures.
It is very important to understand the lessons learned from this crisis.
The quantity of blood plasma being used in medical therapies was already rising at 6-10% a year.